Severe Karenia brevis red tides influence juvenile bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) behavior in Sarasota Bay,Florida

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are natural stressors in the coastal environment that may be increasing in frequency and severity. This study investigates whether severe red tide blooms, caused by Karenia brevis, affect the behavior of resident coastal bottlenose dolphins in Sarasota Bay, Florida through changes to juvenile dolphin activity budgets, ranging patterns, and social associations. Behavioral observations were conducted on free‐ranging juvenile dolphins during the summer months of 2005–2007, and behavior during red tide blooms was compared to periods of background K. brevis abundance. We also utilized dolphin group sighting data from 2004 to 2007 to obtain comparison information from before the most severe recent red tide of 2005 and incorporate social association information from adults in the study area. We found that coastal dolphins displayed a suite of behavioral changes associated with red tide blooms, including significantly altered activity budgets, increased sociality, and expanded ranging behavior. At present, we do not fully understand the mechanism behind these red tide‐associated behavioral effects, but they are most likely linked to underlying changes in resource availability and distribution. These behavioral changes have implications for more widespread population impacts, including increased susceptibility to disease outbreaks, which may contribute to unusual mortality events during HABs.     

Acid lactic lactobacilli as a biotechnological toll to improve food quality and human health

The genus Lactobacillus has been widely used in food industry as starter or adjunct culture due to its probiotic features. Its biotechnological features improve the spectrum of uses of lactobacilli, which can affect its applicability directly. In this sense, this literature review gathers information and discusses the biotechnological potential of technological/probiotic lactobacilli aiming to improve food quality and human health. The primary and secondary metabolism generates specific substances, such as organic acids, carbon dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, diacetyl, fatty acids, and bacteriocins, which are determinant due to their probiotic potential, antimicrobial activity, and the development of new food flavors. In order to become industrially and commercially attractive, it is necessary develop a large-scale process with lower production costs.     

Brewers’ spent grain liquor as a feedstock for lactate production with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis

Brewers’ spent grain (BSG) is a low‐cost by‐product of the brewing process. BSG liquor names the liquid components of BSG, mainly glucose, maltose, and long‐chain α‐1,4‐glycosidic bond glucose oligomers. These substances should be separated in existing BSG biorefineries, as they might lead to an increased formation of microbe‐inhibiting compounds in well‐established hydrothermal/enzymatic saccharification processes. In most cases, this liquid fraction is discarded. The present study presents for the first time an optimized process with BSG liquor for the purpose of producing bulk chemicals (e.g., lactate) in relevant concentrations. The process comprises the application of yeast extract, produced from own brewing processes, as the sole supplemented complex constituent in a simultaneous fermentation and saccharification process. Kinetic parameters for the final optimized process conditions with the organism Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis were: maximum specific growth rate µ_max  =  0.47 h^?1, maximum lactate concentration c_Lac, max  =  79.06 g L^?1, process yield Y_PS  =  0.89 g_Lac g_Sugar^?1, lactate production rate q_P  =  4.18 g_Lac g_CDW^?1 h^?1, and productivity P _15 h  =  4.93 g_Lac L^?1 h^?1. BSG liquor, linked with yeast extract from Brewers’ yeast, can be a promising substrate for further bioprocess engineering tasks and contribute to a holistic and sustainable usage of Brewers’ spent grain.     

短芽胞杆菌对香蕉采后炭疽病的防治

【背景】香蕉炭疽病是香蕉贮运过程中常见的病害,危害严重。【目的】评价短芽胞杆菌菌株FJAT-17214和FJAT-10657的抗菌活性,并进行菌株鉴定。【方法】采用抑菌圈法和菌丝生长速率法对菌株FJAT-17214和FJAT-10657的拮抗活性进行测定,采用香蕉果实回接法测定这2株菌对香蕉采后炭疽病病原菌的抗菌活性;根据菌株FJAT-17214和FJAT-10657的形态观察、特异性鉴定和16SrRNA基因序列进行种属鉴定。【结果】菌株FJAT-17214和FJAT-10657发酵上清液对香蕉炭疽病病原菌菌丝生长具有抑制作用,抑菌圈直径分别达到15.30 mm和15.35 mm。随着菌株培养时间的延长,菌株FJAT-17214和FJAT-10657发酵上清液抑菌效果也逐渐增强,培养72 h时,抑菌圈直径分别增大至17.37 mm和20.96 mm。不同添加量发酵上清液对香蕉炭疽病病原菌生长均具有一定的抑制作用。当培养基中添加50 m L菌株FJAT-17214和FJAT-10657的发酵上清液时,其抑菌率可分别达到83.90%和85.84%。接种炭疽病病原菌4 d后,防治效果分别为67.88%和54.55%,处理后香蕉果皮β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性均明显高于对照。对菌株FJAT-17214和FJAT-10657进行形态学观察、特异性鉴定和16SrRNA基因种属鉴定的结果表明,这2株菌分别被鉴定为短短芽胞杆菌(Brevibacillus brevis)和人参土壤短芽胞杆菌(Brevibacillus panacihumi)。【结论】菌株FJAT-17214和FJAT-10657对香蕉采后炭疽病具有较好的防治效果,可作为采后病害防治微生物的材料。     

应用数学统计法优化副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7固定化细胞制备和产细菌素发酵

摘要：【目的】应用数学统计法对副干酪乳杆菌HD1.7的固定细胞制备和发酵条件进行优化,以提高细菌素产量。【方法】用26?2部分因子分析法筛选对细菌素产量影响显著的因子,发现海藻酸钠浓度、接种量和发酵时间对细菌素的产生影响显著。利用最陡爬坡法逼近最大响应区域。用Box-Behnken设计确定最佳海藻酸钠浓度、接种量和发酵时间,并进行分批重复发酵。【结果】固定化生产细菌素的最佳条件是海藻酸钠浓度2.8%、CaCl2浓度5%、固定化时间4 h、菌体包埋量1/20、发酵时间63 h和固定化细胞的接种量8.2%,在此基础上用固定化细胞进行分批重复发酵,每批细菌素的发酵周期为24 h,产量为游离发酵的70%,比游离细胞发酵周期缩短1/2。【结论】通过对固定化细胞制备和发酵条件的优化,固定化细胞在327 h的分批重复发酵中细菌素的总体产量比游离细胞提高了19%,发酵液中无明显细胞渗漏现象且实现了细胞的重复利用,为细菌素的进一步研究和最终提取奠定了基础。     

益生菌Lactobacillus casei Zhang固态发酵条件的优化

利用一株分离自传统发酵酸马奶中的益生干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei Zhang）进行固态发酵（Solid State Fermentation,SSF）。以发酵物中的活菌数为主要指标,采用九因素四水平（L32（4^9））的正交试验优化固态发酵培养基,并在优化的培养基基础上研究不同的初始含水量及培养时间对Lactobacillus casei Zhang活菌数的影响。实验结果表明,在固态发酵培养基组成为4g豆粕、5g麸皮、0．6g乳清粉、0．3g葡萄糖、0．3g碳酸钙、0．02g硫酸铵、0．01g硫酸镁,初始含水量为55％的优化条件下,37℃发酵60h,发酵物中Lactobacillus casei Zhang活菌数可达到4．08×10^10CFU／g。     

L-乳酸调控乳酸产生菌产物光学纯度的分析

发酵初期在米根霉菌发酵培养基中添加L-乳酸可以调控发酵产物乳酸的光学纯度。随着L-乳酸添加量的增加,所产L-乳酸的光学纯度随之增加,当L-乳酸的添加量≥1.5g/L时,D-乳酸不再产生。同时,L-乳酸的产量、生物量、糖转化率也随之降低。该调控方法对乳酸菌调控产L-乳酸光学纯度影响不大,对大肠杆菌发酵调控产D-乳酸光学纯度没有效果。     

益生菌体外增殖因子的初步研究

目的研究单糖、pH、温度及时间对青春双歧杆菌、长双歧杆菌和类干酪乳杆菌体外增殖的影响。方法用甘露糖、半乳糖、山梨醇及果糖代替MRS中的葡萄糖,筛选出每种细菌的最适碳源。以此为基础,选择其最佳初始pH、培养温度、碳源添加量及培养时间。结果青春双歧杆菌、长双歧杆菌和类干酪乳杆菌的最适碳源分别为葡萄糖、甘露糖和半乳糖;最佳初始pH为6.0、7.0和6.0;培养温度为42、30和30℃;碳源添加量为20、15和25 g/L;培养时间都为28-48 h。结论益生菌具有不同的最适增殖条件,本文研究结果为优化益生菌的生长条件提供了基础数据。